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singular or plural verbs

Thus, whereas these studies suggest that some infants undergoing major surgery are at increased risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome, none provide(s) conclusive evidence that surgery or even anesthesia is/are the cause of the increased risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome.

Is it provide or provides with none (meaning none of the studies) and is it is or art with surgery or anesthesia is/are the cause?

Re: singular or plural verbs

provides and is

Here's why:

There is a growing misconception that none is always singular. It’s not. It can be singular or plural. However, this “rule” is so well promulgated, many of your grammar-savvy readers will expect it to be singular. If your none translates as not one, treat it as singular. If it better translates as not any, treat it as plural. Your best bet is to play it by ear. Or, try your hardest to treat none as singular, but, if you can’t bear how it sounds, go plural.

I think yours works well with a singular "none", i.e. it means "not one".


Here's a bit on "or" and verb choice.

In sum:

A or B = singular

A and B = plural